What causes prostate cancer? Risk factors male New Zealanders must know

Prostate cancer risk factors

Risk factors are either modifiable - those you can change through lifestyle choices or medical interventions, or non-modifiable - characteristics that cannot be altered, such as age, family history, or genetic predisposition.

For men at high risk for prostate cancer, being aware of non-modifiable factors may prompt more proactive measures, such as beginning screenings at an earlier age. Similarly, recognising modifiable risks can encourage lifestyle changes that may lower the chance of developing the disease.

Age 

The risk of developing prostate cancer remains low for men under 50 but then rises sharply. In 2022, over 65% of prostate cancer registrations in New Zealand were males 65 years and older.

If you are 50 years of age or older, talk to your healthcare provider about undergoing regular screenings, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests. Men with genetic mutations, a family history of the disease, or other risk factors may start tests at a younger age.

Race and ethnicity

Black people or those of African ancestry appear to have a higher risk of prostate cancer.

In New Zealand, prostate cancer incidence is lower among Māori men than non-Māori. However, Māori males face a higher risk of advanced-stage diagnosis, contributing to poorer outcomes. 

While the exact cause of this disparity is unknown, differences between Māori and non-Māori access to healthcare may be a contributing issue. 

Family history

A family history of prostate cancer is a significant risk factor, particularly if a close relative, such as a father, brother, or son, has been diagnosed. Men with one first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer have about double the risk of developing the disease. The risk can be higher if multiple family members are affected, especially if they were diagnosed at a younger age.

Understanding the genetic links

Mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes can elevate the risk of prostate cancer as well as pancreatic and breast cancer in men. 

Men who carry these mutations, particularly BRCA2, may also be diagnosed with prostate cancer at a younger age, and their disease can have more aggressive characteristics. 

Mutations in  HOXB13 - a gene involved in the development of the prostate gland - have also been associated with an increased risk of early-onset prostate cancer.

Lynch syndrome, caused by a genetic mutation in one of five genes that fix mistakes in DNA, is associated with a higher risk of several types of cancer, including prostate and colorectal cancer. 

Other potential risk factors

While some risk factors for prostate cancer are well-established, others remain inconclusive, are still being studied, or their findings show mixed results.

Obesity

Some studies suggest that obesity - having a BMI of 30 or higher - may increase the risk of developing more advanced or aggressive prostate cancer.

HPV and prostate cancer

Several studies suggest that human papillomavirus (HPV) infections may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. HPV is also known to cause several other types of cancer, including penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancer. 

How insurance can help prostate cancer patients and survivors

While you can’t eliminate cancer risk, there are things you can do to protect your health and prepare for life’s uncertainties. 

Health insurance can play a vital role in detecting and treating prostate cancer by enabling timely access to diagnostic tests and advanced medical care. Several comprehensive health plans may even cover Medsafe-approved prostate cancer drugs not funded by Pharmac.

Other types of cover can also provide funds for ongoing medical and living costs and compensate for the income patients lose during their cancer journey. 

• Critical illness insurance provides a lump sum payment if you are diagnosed with cancer or other serious conditions.
• Income protection insurance provides monthly benefits if you can’t work for an extended period due to illness.

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^{Disclaimer: This article is for general information only. Nothing in this blog or on this website is intended as medical, dietary, or financial advice. Although we aim to update our content regularly, you are advised to consult a Policywise adviser, health professional, or an appropriate specialist before acting on any information herein. They can factor in your personal circumstances or preferences and help guide your decision-making process.}