Can men get breast cancer? What every Kiwi male needs to know

What is male breast cancer?

While breast cancer is predominantly associated with women, who have larger amounts of breast tissue, it’s important to note that men also have breast tissue located behind the nipple area, and are not immune to the disease.

Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably within the breast tissue, potentially forming a mass or tumour, which can spread (metastasise) to other parts of the body.

Breast cancer in men is detected in much the same way as it is in women and can be treated with excellent results if identified early.

Types of breast cancer in men

Breast cancer symptoms in men

Recognising the symptoms of male breast cancer is important for early detection, greatly improving the chances of successful treatment and positive health outcomes.

Being aware of the signs can save your life - here are some key symptoms to watch for:

• Lump or swelling: The most common symptom of breast cancer is a lump or thickening near the nipple, typically painless. Men should not ignore any new or unusual lumps, even if they seem small.
• Skin changes: Look out for any changes in the skin around the breast area, such as dimpling, puckering, redness, or a rash.
• Nipple changes: Any changes to the nipple, such as inversion (turning inward), itching, or discharge - bloody or clear - should be taken seriously.
• Pain or tenderness: While less common, some men may experience pain or tenderness in the breast area.
• Swollen lymph nodes: Swelling in the lymph nodes under the arm or around the collarbone can indicate that the cancer has spread.

If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical advice as soon as possible.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing breast cancer in men may involve several steps, beginning with a visit to your GP or healthcare provider.

• Physical examination: The first step often involves a thorough physical examination by your healthcare provider. They will check for lumps, skin changes, or abnormalities in the breast tissue and nearby lymph nodes.
• Mammogram: Although mammograms are more commonly associated with women, they are also an essential diagnostic tool for men. A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast that can detect suspicious areas that might indicate cancer.
• Ultrasound: If a lump is found, an ultrasound may be performed to determine whether it’s solid or filled with fluid. Solid masses are more likely to be cancerous.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): In some cases, an MRI might be recommended to get a more detailed view of the breast tissue, particularly if the mammogram or ultrasound results are inconclusive.
• Biopsy: A biopsy is conducted to further investigate breast abnormalities. During a biopsy, a small sample of tissue from the suspicious area is removed and examined to confirm or negate the presence of cancer cells.

The best medical insurance plans can cover the costs of these diagnostic procedures, reducing financial strain during a challenging time. It's advisable to consult with a knowledgeable health insurance adviser to ensure your policy provides you with the cover you need.

Treatment

Treatment options for men diagnosed with breast cancer in New Zealand will depend on the type and stage of cancer.

Surgery

Surgery is often the first step in treating breast cancer. The most common procedure in male breast cancer patients is a mastectomy, where the entire breast tissue is removed. In some cases, lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed to check if the cancer has spread.

Radiation therapy

After surgery, radiation therapy may be used to destroy any remaining cancer cells in the breast area. It involves directing high-energy rays at the affected area to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It is often recommended if the cancer is aggressive or has spread beyond the breast. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy) to shrink the tumour or after surgery (adjuvant therapy) to eliminate any remaining cancer cells.

Hormone therapy

Most male breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive, meaning they grow in response to hormones like oestrogen. Hormone therapy blocks the effects of hormones on cancer cells or lowers hormone levels in the body.

Targeted therapy

For cancers with specific genetic mutations, targeted therapy drugs can be used to attack those cancer cells more precisely while minimising the impact on healthy cells.

Supportive care

Managing side effects and maintaining a good quality of life during your treatment is paramount. This may involve pain management, nutritional support, psychological counselling, and the care of family and friends.

Risk factors

Several factors can increase the risk of breast cancer in men. Understanding these can help men take proactive steps to reduce their chances of developing the disease.

• Age: The risk of breast cancer increases as men get older, with most cases occurring in men over 65.
• Family history: Men with close relatives (male or female) who have had breast cancer are at higher risk, particularly if there are known genetic mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2 in the family. Men with several relatives who have experienced colon, prostate, or ovarian cancer are also at risk.
• Genetic mutations: Inherited mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly increase the risk of breast cancer in men.
• Radiation exposure: Previous radiation therapy, especially to the chest area, increases the likelihood of developing breast cancer.
• Hormone replacement therapy: Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy, particularly oestrogen, can increase the risk.
• Heavy alcohol use: Excessive alcohol consumption is linked to higher oestrogen levels and an increased risk of breast cancer.
• High oestrogen levels: Conditions that increase oestrogen levels, such as obesity and liver disease can raise the risk of breast cancer in men.
• Klinefelter syndrome: A rare genetic condition in which men have an extra X chromosome, leading to higher levels of oestrogen and lower levels of testosterone.
• Testicular conditions: A history of testicular conditions, such as undescended testicles, testicular injury, or orchitis, can also elevate the risk.
• Occupational exposure: Certain occupations, such as working in hot environments, are associated with higher risk due to potential damage to the testicles, which can lead to hormonal imbalances.

Reducing the risk

While some breast cancer risk factors, such as age and genetics, cannot be controlled, there are positive actions to explore that can reduce your risk of developing the disease, while also improving general health.

Consider these suggestions:

• Maintain a healthy weight: Reducing body fat helps lower oestrogen levels, decreasing the risk.
• Limit alcohol consumption: Reducing alcohol intake can help lower oestrogen levels and overall cancer risk.
• Regular exercise: Staying active helps maintain a healthy weight and hormone balance.
• Manage chronic conditions: Proper management of conditions like liver disease and diabetes can help reduce risk.
• Avoid hormonal treatments unless necessary: Men should discuss the risks with their doctor before starting any hormone replacement therapy.

The importance of early detection and fast treatment

Early detection of breast cancer in New Zealand men is vital in improving survival rates. When breast cancer is identified early, treatment is often simpler and more effective, leading to better outcomes.

While routine breast cancer screening for men is not as common as for women, those at higher risk (e.g., with a family history or genetic predisposition) should discuss regular screening options with their doctor.

Key benefits of early detection

Higher survival rates

According to the Breast Cancer Foundation NZ, patients have a five-year survival rate of 80-85%. However, data suggests that these estimates may be higher or lower depending on how early patients were diagnosed. For example, in the U.S., the five-year survival rate for localised breast cancer can be as high as 95% if detected early. Once the cancer has progressed to other parts of the body, the survival rate falls to 20%.    

Less aggressive treatment

Early detection often means the cancer is smaller and less likely to have spread, leading to less aggressive treatment and fewer side effects.

More treatment options

With early detection, there are more treatment options available, which can be tailored to the individual’s specific needs.

Access to treatment

In New Zealand, diagnostic tests, specialist consultations, and breast cancer treatments are free in public health facilities, however, the waiting times can be long. Private healthcare allows you to skip the queue - but comes at a cost.

Having a comprehensive health insurance policy can protect your finances by covering expenses, though it’s important to note that not all health insurance plans cover diagnostic tests and cancer treatment. Consulting a knowledgeable health insurance adviser and broker can help you compare and find plans that suit your needs, ensuring you’re fully covered in case of a cancer diagnosis. 

Be one step ahead with Policywise

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^{Disclaimer: This article is for general information only. Nothing in this blog or on this website is intended as medical, dietary, or financial advice. Although we aim to update our content regularly, you are advised to consult a Policywise adviser, health professional, or an appropriate specialist before acting on any information herein. They can factor in your personal circumstances or preferences and help guide your decision-making process.}